mutation

DNA

polymer

nucleotides

base

deoxyribose

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

numbering atoms in nucleotides

joining of nucleotides

5' to 3'

double helix

base pair

purine, pyrimidine

complementary base pairing

hydrogen bonds

chromosome - definition, key components

regions of chromosome- intergenic, regulatory, gene

chromosome location in cell

chromatin

cell life cycle - next chapter

nucleolus

nuclear pore

eukaryotic cells

prokaryotic cells

supercoiling

replication

complementary strand

semi-conservative replication

Separating DNA strands and keeping them apart:

enzyme

DNA gyrase

DNA helicase

single strand binding protein

Making a new strand of DNA:

base pairing

template strand

DNA polymerase III

antiparallel

Replication fork:

leading strand

lagging strand

Completing the lagging strand:

Ozaki fragments

DNA polymerase

DNA ligase

Nick

Gap

Starting a new strand:

primers

primase

Recoiling the DNA into a helix

mitosis

mother cell

daughter cell

Human somatic cell:

Diploid - each human somatic cell has a set of 23 chromosomes from mom and a set of 23 chromosomes from dad.

The DNA of the 46 chromosomes is replicated (doubled) in S phase - this is where you need DNA polymerase.

The 46 chromosomes have already doubled their DNA at G2.

This doubled DNA is needed in mitosis: each new cell gets a full share of DNA.

After mitosis, 46 chromosomes exists at G1, but DNA not yet doubled.

And the cycle goes on - See Fig 5.16, 5-17.

Human germ cell:

haploid

23 chromosomes

meiosis

chromatin versus chromosomes: when in cell cycle?

nucleic acid - string of nucleotides: DNA or RNA

nucleotide - sugar, phosphate, base

mRNA

transcription

Difference between DNA and RNA:

RNA: ribose, DNA: deoxyribose

DNA: thymine - RNA: uracil

RNA: single strand, DNA: double strand

How much DNA is actually used at a given time?

making mRNA:

RNA polymerase

How is the beginning of a gene recognized?

sigma subunit

-10 region

-35 region

upstream region

promoter DNA

core enzyme

How does mRNA polymerase know where to stop?

terminator sequence

inverted repeats

hairpin

How does the cell know which genes to turn on?

housekeeping genes

gene activator proteins

What activates the activator?

Example of maltose in E. coli

Negative regulation:

repressor proteins

lactose

operator

Most regulator proteins bind small molecules:

signal molecule

Most regulator proteins change shape:

allosteric proteins

Crp protein: an example of a global protein

cyclic AMP

Regulatory nucleotides

The Operon model for gene regulation:

The parts of an operon in this example:

- Crp site

- promoter

- operator

- structural gene

- terminator

Do not need to know:

regulation by anti-sense RNA

Fur

Quorum sensing

auto-inducer

luciferase